Alan Turing fundamentally designed the Pilot ACE computer (above), once the fastest computer in the world, in the 1950s. His legacy is now coming to bear in Silicon Valley (Geoff Caddick/PA)
SAN FRANCISCOÂ — In 1950, artificial intelligence pioneer Alan Turing famously proposed what came to be known as the Turing Test: the proposition that a machine had achieved intelligence if it could carry on a conversation that was indistinguishable from a human one.
English cryptanalyst Alan Turing (© Pictorial Press Ltd / Alamy)
In 2016, Turing’s ghost has come to haunt Silicon Valley in a big way. Companies are racing to build technology that can talk with you. Last month, Microsoft launched the Microsoft Bot Framework, a set of software tools that let companies create their own conversational bots. Customers of Domino’s, for instance, can order products by chatting back and forth with a robot, as if they were sending a text message. Dozens of startups are also building chat bots that do things like schedule a meeting, conduct a basic QA with a job candidate, or collect daily pain reports from a patient. (None of these pass the Turing Test yet).
On Tuesday, Facebook dropped its own mic in this increasingly noisy room. At its annual developer conference in San Francisco, the social network announced it would enable third-parties to build chat bots into its highly popular Messenger service. Chief executive Mark Zuckerberg demonstrated a CNN bot that could send personalized news stories as well as another one from 1-800-FLOWERS that could carry on a conversation with a customer who wanted to order flowers.
“You never have to call 1-800-FLOWERS again,” Zuckerberg said.
Facebook’s embrace of a bot platform is likely to set off an arms race, as major tech companies try to define how bots will be built and how they will interact with ordinary consumers. The tech giants know that whoever controls the most popular platforms for bots has the ability to dictate to — and profit from — an entire generation of retailers, taxi services, movie ticket firms and others that build for that technology.
[The next hot job in Silicon Valley is for poets]
The chatbot explosion bears a resemblance to the fledgling app economy, circa 2009. Apple had launched its app store the previous year — Google’s Play Store didn’t come until 2012 — and “the kooky world of apps†became a refrain in the media. Today, apps are a $50 billion economy, according to App Annie, which tracks app sales.
As apps proliferated, Apple and Google forged ahead with app store marketplaces that served as platforms for hundreds of thousands of other companies to sell their services. Apple’s app store revenues exceeded $20 billion last year, the company said. Google doesn’t break out Google Play revenues, but estimates put the number above $7 billion. Amazon and Microsoft haven’t made significant inroads in the app world — and perhaps this is why they seem so eager to usher in a way to find goods and services through bots.
Consumers may also be ready for a new platform. Besides messaging apps, such as WhatsApp, WeChat and Facebook Messenger, enthusiasm for new apps appears to be waning. According to a Forrester report last year, consumers spent 80 percent of their time on just five apps – 80 percent of those are owned by Google and Facebook – even though they’ve downloaded an average of 24 apps.
[Trolls turned Tay, Microsoft’s fun millennial AI bot, into a genocidal maniac]
“The same set of drivers that propelled apps to be really new exist with bots,†said Phil Libin, managing director of venture capital firm Catalyst Partners. “The next version of that is going to be bots.â€
The bot battle lines will look very different from those in the app wars. While it’s relatively easy to build an app, getting computers to actually understand language and hold real conversations is much harder, said Forrester analyst Jeffrey Hammond. The adoption curve could be slower as a result.
Just ask meeting scheduler app x.ai. Behind the scenes, human developers are labeling every bit of language that the company’s dozens of beta users use to discuss something as simple as getting together for a coffee. Despite advances in AI, labeling by hand is still necessary, said x.ai chief executive Dennis Mortensen. For instance, if a human suggests meeting sometime “Wed-Fri,†a computer wouldn’t automatically understand that the suggestion includes Thursday.
[What happened when a Chinese TV station replaced its meteorologist with a chatbot]
“These aren’t wide open queries,†Forrester analyst Julie Ask said of the types of questions that users can ask bots. “I’d be surprised if this was game-changing on day one.â€
Even the developers of these artificial intelligence technologies acknowledge that mistakes — potentially big ones that could deflate consumer interest — will be associated with this technology for quite some time. In its apology for unintended racist comments made by Tay — a Twitter-based chat bot recently launched, and then shuttered, by Microsoft — the company said such mistakes may be necessary for artificial intelligence to improve. “We cannot fully predict all possible human interactive misuses without learning from mistakes,†the company said. (Flickr engineers had a similar response when its photo-recognition technology mischaracterized an image of a concentration camp as a “jungle gym.â€)
Moreover, the emerging market for bot platforms is fragmented among a different set of players than before. While Google and Apple took the lead during the app wars, one of the first companies to launch a bot store was Kik, the Canadian messaging app that has a $50 million investment from Chinese Internet giant Tencent. The store lets users interact with and request information via chat from companies such as The Weather Channel, Funny or Die, or Vine. Then there’s the popular office productivity software Slack, which has also encouraged startups to build chat bots onto its platform to do things like order lunch. Even Taco Bell has gotten in on the action.
Tellingly, the U.S. web giants forging ahead with bot platforms – Microsoft, Facebook, Amazon (which has allowed developers to build services on its virtual assistant, Alexa) — do not dominate the app universe. This makes sense. Apple and Google have a lot to lose if an ecosystem of bots could replace the functionality of today’s apps. Facebook, Microsoft and Amazon would have much to gain.
“Everyone who didn’t win the app platform wars will get another chance with bots,†said Libin.
Article source: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2016/04/12/why-apple-and-google-should-be-worried-about-facebooks-new-bots-store/